Reframing technical change: Livestock Fodder Scarcity Revisited as Innovation Capacity Scarcity: Part 3. Tools for Diagnosis and Institutional Change in Innovation Systems

The exploration of fodder innovation capacity requires tools to undertake the following tasks: (i) Diagnosis of fodder innovation capacity to identify project starting points, including micro and macro elements (ii) Socio-economic benchmarking, and follow-up studies (iii) Pilot innovation cloud process learning/ process-driven intervention correction (iv) Comparative analysis of institutional change processes (iv) Project team process learning And (iv) Project evaluation. There is a wide range of existing tools available to investigate institutional change. This paper reviews these and recommends that an eclectic approach of mixing and matching tools to the emerging circumstances of the research is the best way forward.Technological Change, Agricultural Technology, Livestock, Poverty Reduction, Evaluation, Benchmarking

Reframing technical change: Livestock Fodder Scarcity Revisited as Innovation Capacity Scarcity: Part 2. A Framework for Analysis

This is the second in a series of three papers that develop a conceptual framework for a project on livestock fodder innovation. The paper begins by reviewing the evolving paradigms of agricultural research and innovation over the last 30 years or so and explains the emergence and relevance of the innovation systems concept to agricultural development. The paper then presents a framework for exploring fodder innovation capacity. This framework gives particular emphasis to the patterns of interaction needed for innovation and the policy and institutional settings needed to enable these processes. The paper concludes with some comments on the difficulties of measuring institutional change and the desirability of tracking institutional change and its relationship to welfare outcomes.Technological Change, Agricultural Technology, Livestock, Poverty Reduction, Institutional Change, Welfare Outcomes

The when and where of research in agricultural innovation trajectories: Evidence and implications from RIU's South Asia projects

The question of how agricultural research can best be used for developmental purposes is a topic of some debate in developmental circles. The idea that this is simply a question of better transfer of ideas from research to farmers has been largely discredited. Agricultural innovation is a process that takes a multitude of different forms, and, within this process, agricultural research and expertise are mobilised at different points in time for different purposes. This paper uses two key analytical principles in order to find how research is actually put into use. The first, which concerns the configurations of organisations and their relationships associated with innovation, reveals the additional set of resources and expertise that research needs to be married up to and sheds light on the sorts of arrangements that allow this marriage to take place. The second - which concerns understanding innovation as a path-dependent, contextually shaped trajectory unfolding over time - reveals the changing role of research during the course of events associated with the development and diffusion of products, services and institutional innovations. Using these analytical principles, this paper examines the efforts of the DFID-funded Research Into Use (RIU) programme that sought to explore the agricultural research-into-use question empirically. The paper then uses this analysis to derive implications for public policy and its ongoing efforts to add value to research investments.Agricultural Innovation, Value Chain Innovation, Research Into Use, South Asia, Innovation Trajectories, Research for Development, Policy

Missing the target: Lessons from enabling innovation in South Asia

This paper reflects on the experience of the Research Into Use (RIU) projects in Asia. It reconfirms much of what has been known for many years about the way innovation takes place and finds that many of the shortcomings of RIU in Asia were precisely because lessons from previous research on agricultural innovation were "not put into use" in the programme's implementation. However, the experience provides three important lessons for donors and governments to make use of agricultural research: (i) Promoting research into use requires enabling innovation. This goes beyond fostering collaboration, and includes a range of other innovation management tasks (ii) The starting point for making use of research need not necessarily be the promising research products and quite often identifying the promising innovation trajectories is more rewarding (iii) Strengthening the innovation enabling environment of policies and institutions is critical if research use is to lead to long-term and large-scale impacts. It is in respect of this third point that RIU Asia missed its target, as it failed to make explicit efforts to address policy and institutional change, despite its innovation systems rhetoric. This severely restricted its ability to achieve wide-scale social and economic impact that was the original rationale for the programme.Research Into Use, Innovation Management, Agricultural Research, Innovation, Development, Policy, Value Chain Development, South Asia, Innovation Trajectory

Tacit Knowledge and Innovation Capacity: Evidence from the Indian Livestock Sector

To cope and compete in this rapidly-changing world, organisations need to access and apply new knowledge. While explicit knowledge is important, what is often critical is an organisation's ability to create, access, share and apply the tacit or un-codified knowledge that exists among its members, its network and the wider innovation system of which it is a part. This discussion paper explores the role of tacit knowledge in livestock sector innovation capacity though the case of Visakha Dairy, one of the most progressive producer-owned milk marketing companies in India. Analysis of two episodes in Visakha's evolution clearly illustrates how it used tacit knowledge to innovate around challenges. The paper concludes that while tacit knowledge is clearly a major resource that organisations rely on to cope with change, it does not follow that knowledge management approaches that rely on codifying this knowledge are the way forward. Instead, what it does suggest is that better management of the learning processes, through which tacit knowledge is generated, would be a more useful contribution to innovation and innovation capacity - in other words, a shift from knowledge management to learning management.Innovation Systems, Innovation Capacity, Tacit Knowledge, Livestock, India Journal

Learning Networks Matter: Challenges to Developing Learning-Based Competence in Mango Production and Post-Harvest in Andhra Pradesh, India

This discussion paper explores aspects of innovation systems ideas in the analysis of mango production and export by smallscale farmers in the South Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The paper shows how despite favourable agro-ecological conditions and being the largest international mango producer, India still struggles to build momentum in rapidly emerging export markets. An analysis of the sector's recent history combined with an empirical account of inter-sectoral and intra-sectoral linkage patterns among stakeholder groups appears to provide the basis for remedial policy suggestions. Most of these relate to aspects of integrated technology development and innovation management.innovation, innovation systems, mango, high-value, national competence, learning networks, South Asia, India

Design And Development Multilevel Inverterwith Different Modulation Index (MI) Based On Super Capacitor (SC) For Harmonic Reduction

This paper presents a study on a three-phase five level Cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter (CHBMLI) based on Newton-Raphson (NR) technique controller for optimization and non-optimization technique for harmonic reduction. The proposed system comprises of a DC source made up of super capacitor (SC) and the three phase five-level Cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter (CHBMLI), with the controller based on Newton-Raphson (NR). The switching angle of the (CHB-MLI) with different modulation index MI has been calculated for optimization and non- optimization technique. The created source code programming is then stored in Digital Signal Processing (DSP) TMS320F2812. Experimental step-up has been conducted, whose results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed system in reducing Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) of the (CHBMLI) output

Harmonic Reduction In Multilevel Inverter Based On Super Capacitor As A Storage

Cascaded H-Bridge multilevel inverterhas become more attractive to generate high power in an electrical distribution system.This paper discusses the control of five level cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter with super capacitor as a Dc energy storage.The control of the multilevel inverter using PI and space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) controllers based on the modelling and Simulink of cascaded H-bridge can observe the effectiveness of the proposed control to reduce harmonic contents of the multilevel inverter output.High frequency ripple from the inverters can be removed from the system using lowvoltage filter. Total harmonic distortion (THD) for both current and voltage is quite low to meet the IEEE standard. Modelling of the system has been done using MATLAB/Simulink

Fundamental Studies of a Three Phase Cascaded H-Bridge and Diode Clamped Multilevel Inverters Using Matlab/Simulink

This paper presents a fundamental study of two type’s multilevel inverters comprising of Cascaded H-Bridge and Diode Clamped for harmonic reduction for high power applications. The application of multilevel inverters is capable to minimize the number of harmonic contents in low voltage electrical distribution system. This study discusses a three phase comparative analysis between multi-level circuits diode clamped inverter and cascaded H-Bridge inverter with sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) strategies. Nine levels SPWM inverter with switching functions are used for the operating principles to alleviate harmonic components of the output voltage of multilevel inverters. Simulation results show that the Total Harmonics Distortion for voltage (THDV) of the output for the both multilevel inverters are decreased and have been achieved lower contents based on IEC standard